{"id":67,"date":"2020-01-01T01:52:32","date_gmt":"2020-01-01T06:52:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/?p=67"},"modified":"2020-01-01T01:52:32","modified_gmt":"2020-01-01T06:52:32","slug":"morphological-characterization-of-nanoparticles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/nanoparticles\/morphological-characterization-of-nanoparticles\/","title":{"rendered":"Morphological Characterization of Nanoparticles"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\" src=\"\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Morphological-Characterization-of-Nanoparticles-1-1024x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-69\" srcset=\"\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Morphological-Characterization-of-Nanoparticles-1-1024x681.jpg 1024w, \/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Morphological-Characterization-of-Nanoparticles-1-300x200.jpg 300w, \/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Morphological-Characterization-of-Nanoparticles-1-768x511.jpg 768w, \/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Morphological-Characterization-of-Nanoparticles-1-120x80.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The unique physical and chemical properties of\nnanomaterials stem from size effects and ultrastructures, so it is important to\nobserve the surface morphology of nanomaterials. Some detection methods and\ncharacterization methods for directly detecting the particle size of drugs can\nbe used to observe the appearance of particles, including Scanning electron microscope\n(SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), atomic force microscope (AFM),\nand scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Non-intuitive methods such as nuclear\nmagnetic resonance and differential thermal analysis can also be used to study\nthe appearance of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/product\/nanoparticles-list-4.html\">nanoparticles<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Scanning electron microscope<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Scanning electron microscopes have a wide range of\nmagnifications, ranging from several times to hundreds of thousands of times,\ncovering the magnification range of optical magnifiers to transmission electron\nmicroscopes, and the resolution is very high. The scanning electron microscope\nhas a large focal depth of 300 times than that of an optical microscope. For\ncomplex and rough sample surfaces, clear and focused images can still be\nobtained. SEM sample preparation is relatively simple, and material samples\nneed only be simply cleaned and coated to observe, and the sample size\nrequirements are very low.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Transmission electron microscope<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Transmission electron microscopy can be used to observe the morphology, dispersion of nanoparticles, and measure and evaluate particle size. Atomic-level appearance can be obtained by TEM, and its resolution is about 1 nm. The combination of line-scan mode transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectrometer (EELS) can be used to analyze nanoscale multilayer structures. TEM samples are required to be nanometer-thick films that can be penetrated by the electron beam, and are preferably dispersed without agglomeration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Atomic force microscopy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Atomic force microscopes belong to the scanning probe microscope (SPM) series. Compared with SEM and TEM, AFM is a high-resolution electron microscope (High resolurion EM, HREM). The advantages of AFM include: 1) less requirements for working environment and sample preparation than electron microscope, and it can detect the shape, size and mechanical properties of conductors, semiconductors, insulators and biological samples in the atmosphere, high vacuum, liquid and other environments; 2) extremely high resolution. The horizontal resolution is less than 0.1nm,and the vertical resolution is less than 0.01nm; 3) physical and mechanical properties of materials can be measured at the nanometer scale, such as electrical conductivity, stagnation, friction, and lubrication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Ray diffraction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ray diffraction includes powder X-ray diffraction (XRD),\nsmall angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and\nelectron diffraction (ED).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>XRD is an effective means to identify the crystal phase of\na substance. XRD is indispensable for the characterization of nanomaterials\nbased on the position of a characteristic peak. XRD is also used for crystal\nstructure analysis. According to the powder diffraction pattern, the position\nof the atoms in the unit cell, the parameters of the unit cell, and the number\nof atoms in the unit cell can be determined. High-resolution powder X-ray diffraction\n(HRXRD) provides more detailed structural information, and can obtain data and\ninformation on the fine structure of nanomaterials such as the elemental\ncomposition ratio, size, ion spacing, and bond length of related substances in\nsingle crystal cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>SAXS can effectively detect the fractal structure of\nnanoparticle agglomeration, determine its fractal dimension, the average radius\nof agglomerates and primary particles, and is suitable for characterizing the\nstructural characteristics of amorphous materials at relatively low resolution.\nThe advantages of SAXS include a wide sample range, being non-destructive and\nsuitable for dry and wet samples, no special sample preparation required, and\nthe ability to characterize samples that cannot be measured by TEM. Sensitive\ndetection can directly measure bulk materials, and has a better statistical\naverage of particles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Thermal analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thermal analysis includes differential thermal analysis\n(DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermal gravimetry (TG).\nThe three methods are often combined and also combined with XRD, NMR, etc. They\ncan be used to characterize: 1) the presence or absence, content, and thermal\nweight loss temperature of surface-bonding or non-bonding organic groups or\nother substances; 2) the relationship between the strength of the surface\nadsorption capacity (the amount of adsorbed substances) and the particle size;\n3) particle size change during heating; 4) phase transition and crystallization\nduring heating. As a useful supplement to XRD, this type of method is often\nused to determine the degree of heterogeneous coexistence in nanoparticles and\nthe degree of interaction between various components in nanoparticles. DSC\nresearch on the physical state of triamcinolone acetate nanostructured lipid\ncarrier (NLC) found that the crystallinity of solid lipids in the NLC system\nwas significantly reduced, and drugs may exist in the amorphous or molecular\nstate in the NLC system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Nuclear magnetic resonance<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as an aid to the study of the structure of nanoparticles, can reflect the dispersion and compatibility of nanoemulsions in water, as well as the state of each component molecule in the colloidal system. After studying the microstructure of triptolide alcohol new solid lipid nanoparticles by NMR, it was found that the new solid lipid nanoparticles have good water dispersibility and compatibility. The sharpness of the signal between the nanoparticles is between the solid and liquid, indicating that the degree of freedom of molecular movement is between the liquid and the solid. The nanoparticles are composed of a combination of liquid oil and solid lipids. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Reference:<\/p><p>1. Panyam J, Labhasetwar V. Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue. <em>Adv Drug De-livery Rev<\/em>, 2012, 64: S61-S71. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The unique physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials stem from size effects and ultrastructures, so it is important to observe<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[14,13],"class_list":["post-67","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nanoparticles","tag-characterization-techniques","tag-morphology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=67"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":70,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67\/revisions\/70"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=67"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=67"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=67"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}