{"id":216,"date":"2020-12-08T21:46:20","date_gmt":"2020-12-09T02:46:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/?p=216"},"modified":"2020-12-08T21:46:20","modified_gmt":"2020-12-09T02:46:20","slug":"have-you-ever-heard-of-sepsis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/magnetic-beads\/have-you-ever-heard-of-sepsis\/","title":{"rendered":"Have You Ever Heard of Sepsis?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Sepsis,\ncommonly known as blood poisoning, is usually caused by the infections of\nbacterial which enter the patient’s bloodstream through open wounds and even\nurinary tract infections. There are 15700 new cases of sepsis in Australia\nevery year, of which more than 5000 people die, and some survivors are\namputated or even permanent disability. The cost of treatment for each sepsis\npatient treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) is close to $40,000 AUD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According\nto a new survey in Australia, only 40% of people have heard of sepsis, let\nalone specific symptoms of sepsis. Nowadays, more and more people are beginning\nto realize the globalization of sepsis. If more people understand sepsis, we\nmay be able to detect and even intervene as soon as possible, which may improve\nthe survival rate of many patients. World Health Organization (WHO) has called\non the global community to scale-up global advocacy, funding, and research\ncapacity for epidemiological evidence of sepsis; develop rapid, affordable, and\nappropriate diagnostic tools, especially at the primary and secondary health\nlevels, to improve the diagnosis, monitoring, prevention and treatment of sepsis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two\nstages of sepsis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nfirst stage occurs when the infection enters the bloodstream, and the body’s\nimmune system overreacts, commonly known as hyperinflammatory immune response,\nwhich can lead to multiple organ failure. This stage usually lasts 7-10 days or\nmore, depending on the severity of the infection. If the patient is not treated\nsuccessfully and effectively in the first stage, he or she will then enter the\nstage of immune paralysis. At this stage, the patient’s immune system can no\nlonger resist infection, and patients may have nausea and vomiting, red spots\non the skin, reduced urine output, shock, and even death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sepsis\ncan affect anyone, and it is especially dangerous for the elderly, pregnant\nwomen, children under one-year-old, and people with weak immune systems\n(premature babies or people with chronic diseases). Patients in the ICU are\nprone to infection, which can also lead to sepsis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Symptoms\nof sepsis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There\nare many pathogens that cause sepsis, but bacteria account for almost 80%,\nwhile pathogenic fungi and viruses account for the rest proportion. Based on\nthis, patients with sepsis have different symptoms and usually have\nsuperinfection. If the patient has symptoms of infection and is accompanied by\nlow systolic blood pressure, high fever, and increased respiratory rate, he or\nshe is diagnosed with sepsis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diagnosis\nof sepsis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\ncurrent methods for screening patients with potential sepsis are systemic\ninflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria, heartbeat and respiratory rate,\nbody temperature (min\/max), and white blood cell (WBC) count. Hospitals and ICU\nimplement sepsis treatment programs based on these standards at slightly\ndifferent times. Positive cases trigger the first step in determining the\nsource of infection. Recognizing a bacterial infection requires up to 5 days of\nculture to get a negative result, which is longer than the progression of the\ndisease itself. This non-specific tool, coupled with the heterogeneous early\nsymptoms inherent in sepsis, is the main reason for the difficulty in\nidentifying, diagnosing, and managing this deadly disease. Thus, there is an\nurgent in developing a rapid, affordable, and appropriate diagnostic tool.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Studies\nhave shown that cell surface and proteomic markers are viable biomarkers for\nsepsis. Engineering point-of-care (POC) platforms may be important for\nquantifying various biomarkers (as fingerprints of the immune system for early\nsepsis). They allow patients to test these biomarkers before coming to\nemergency rooms and hospitals, or to test these markers quickly in the hospital\nfor rapid stratification of the patient and the disease. Different stages of\nsepsis have different biological characteristics, leading to different\ntreatment requirements, which can be diagnosed by providing rapid and accurate\nbiomarker information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Figure 1. Experimental diagram of on chip dual capture. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Therefore,\nProfessor Bashir (Dean, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois\nat Urbana-Champaign) and his colleagues established a microbead detection\nplatform for the simultaneous detection of PCT and IL-6 (abnormal PCT and IL-6\nlevels can be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers for sepsis,\nrespectively), and it was tested on spiked undiluted human plasma samples\n(Figure 1). They first established PCT (LOD 130 pg\/mL) and IL-6 (150 pg\/mL)\nmicrobead sandwich immunoassays, respectively, and verified their compatibility\nwith multiplexed capture using flow cytometry. Two commercially available\ncarboxyl active magnetic microbead populations (Absolute Mag\u2122 Carboxyl Magnetic\nParticles, WHM-S035<\/a>,\nWHM-S034<\/a>,\nCD Bioparticles) with mean diameters 9 \u03bcm and 7 \u03bcm were coupled with\ncarbodiimide crosslinker chemistry to the primary PCT and IL-6 capture antibody\nrespectively. These immune sandwich complexes (ISC) simultaneously capture\ndifferent ranges of PCT and IL-6 from a single undiluted plasma sample and flow\nthrough the established microfluidic biochip platform. Professor Bashir said,\n“This new application demonstrated the ability to differentiate with\nsignificance, varying expression conditions for both PCT and IL-6 in the\nclinically relevant range of potentially septic patients. Several improvements\nare necessary for both increases in quantification range and clinical\napplication.\u201d However, as proof of principle, this manuscript emphasizes this\nmulti-channel capture detection platform promising to distinguish healthy and\npotential sepsis patients with different PCT and IL-6 concentration ranges.\nDetailed results are published on Biomedical\nMicrodevices<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Therapy for sepsis Patients is usually treated with antibiotics and dialysis because the kidney is one of the organs that are often affected when patients suffer from sepsis. Other treatments include blood purification to remove toxins, but there are few successful cases. Many doctors choose corticosteroid therapy, although this treatment can reduce patients’ time in ICU, the mortality rate does not seem to decrease, and more importantly, although corticosteroids can reduce inflammation in patients, it can also lead to a sharp decline in the number of immune cells in patients, which does not seem to be conducive to anti-infective treatment. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reference:
Berger, J., Valera, E., Jankelow, A., Garcia, C., Akhand, M., Heredia, J., … & Tiao, J. (2020). Simultaneous electrical detection of IL-6 and PCT using a microfluidic biochip platform. Biomedical Microdevices, 22, 1-11. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sepsis, commonly known as blood poisoning, is usually caused by the infections of bacterial which enter the patient’s bloodstream through<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,6],"tags":[57,4,58],"class_list":["post-216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-applications","category-magnetic-beads","tag-carboxyl-magnetic-particles","tag-magnetic-particles","tag-microbead-sandwich-immunoassay"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/216","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=216"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/216\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":219,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/216\/revisions\/219"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=216"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=216"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=216"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}